Why are these scientists in hazmat suits smiling? They're standing in a field that they are about to spread with raw manure — four different kinds of raw manure, to be exact.
Michele Jay-Russell, a University of California, Davis food safety scientist, posted the above picture on Twitter last week with the tantalizing tag line: "Day 0: raw animal manure fertilizer and E. coli inoculum to be applied to fallow spinach field."
In a nutshell, Jay-Russell and her team are trying to see how long E. coli in raw manure survives in the soil, and how much gets onto leafy greens harvested months later.
The experiment comes as the Food and Drug Administration is proposing a rule requiring many produce growers to wait nine months between applying raw manure to a field and harvesting crops there. That's because the agency sees raw manure as a food safety risk.
However, the proposal contradicts what the U.S. Department of Agriculture has said is OK for organic growers: four months between application and harvest. And that's got many small organic growers who are used to using cheap, raw manure rather than the more pricey, treated manure, pretty upset with the FDA, as you heard in our colleague Dan Charles' story.
To see if four months is really long enough for the bad bacteria to die off, Jay-Russell is setting up a growing site on a UC-Davis field in Davis, Calif. "We're kind of pretending we're an organic spinach grower," she says.
First, the team went to the field to lay down the four kinds of manure — goat, dairy, horse and chicken litter.
Then, the team sprayed the manure with an E. coli slurry in both high and low concentrations from the kind of backpack sprayers often used for pesticide applications.
Now they measure and wait. "We'll be collecting 40 samples a day, we'll be measuring the level of the actual concentration of the bacteria, ... then we'll plant the spinach in February and harvest in eight weeks and test again," Jay-Russell says. The team will set up a second trial in January and leave the manure for nine months to test the FDA proposal.
The experiments are being funded by grants from the USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative and the University of California, Davis' FDA Center of Excellence. And they'll be published in the usual, scientific way: first presented at a conference of scientists, then printed in a scholarly journal where only a few people will actually read it.
But Jay-Russell wants to make the experiment and the process of doing a science experiment more widely known to the public — hence the Twitter updates from the field of manure that caught our eye.
"This is how science works!" she says.
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